Star-shaped gold nanoparticles up to 200nm kill at least some forms of cancer;

Spherical nanoparticles of 10 nanometers in size, produced in Cracow, turned out to be practically harmless to the glioma cell line studied. However, high mortality was observed in cells exposed to nanoparticles as large as 200 nanometers, but with a star-shaped structure. [...]

"We used the data from the Cracow experiments to build a theoretical model of the process of nanoparticle deposition inside the cells under study. The final result is a differential equation into which suitably processed parameters can be substituted—for the time being only describing the shape and size of nanoparticles—to quickly determine how the uptake of the analyzed particles by cancer cells will proceed over a given period of time," says Dr. Pawel Jakubczyk, professor at the UR and co-author of the model.

He emphasizes, "Any scientist can already use our model at the design stage of their own research to instantly narrow down the number of nanoparticle variants requiring experimental verification."

The ability to easily reduce the number of potential experiments to be carried out means a reduction in the costs associated with the purchase of cell lines and reagents, as well as a marked reduction in research time (it typically takes around two weeks just to culture a commercially available cell line). In addition, the model can be used to design better-targeted therapies than before—ones in which the nanoparticles will be particularly well absorbed by selected cancer cells, while maintaining relatively low or even zero toxicity to healthy cells in the patient's other organs.

"Modeling Absorption Dynamics of Differently Shaped Gold Glioblastoma and Colon Cells Based on Refractive Index Distribution in Holotomographic Imaging" (2024) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.202400778

Holotomography: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotomography :

Holotomography (HT) is a laser technique to measure the three-dimensional refractive index (RI) tomogram of a microscopic sample such as biological cells and tissues. [...] In order to measure 3-D RI tomogram of samples, HT employs the principle of holographic imaging and inverse scattering. Typically, multiple 2D holographic images of a sample are measured at various illumination angles, employing the principle of interferometric imaging. Then, a 3D RI tomogram of the sample is reconstructed from these multiple 2D holographic images by inversely solving light scattering in the sample.

Could part of the cancer-killing nanoparticle star be more magnetic than Gold (Au), for targeting treatment ?

Is it only gold stars that do it?

Gold; AU; #79: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold :

Chemically, gold is a transition metal, a group 11 element, and one of the noble metals. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, being the second-lowest in the reactivity series.

Is the effect entirely mechanical stress to the cell and cell membrane and/or oxidative stress?

(what were earlier oxygen levels on earth during the evolution of mammals),

Do highly-unreactive gold nanoparticles carry electronic, photonic, and sonic phononic charge?

Is there additional treatment value in [NIRS-targeted] ultrasound to charge the [magnetic] gold nanoparticles?

How does the resistivity of the cell membrane change with and without star-shaped gold nanoparticles?

Is the effect entirely mechanical stress to the cell and cell membrane and/or oxidative stress?

The article appears to indicate the "tips" of the star shape are mechanically responsible for causing damage widespread enough to trigger cell-death.-

  PS. This article needs to be widely read.-
  PSS. Incidentally, the form of microscopy used by the researchers appears to be equaly novel and a *gamechanger*.-