Oil is going up, possibly for a long time, which will have a big inflationary effect on everything. And it appears the USA government has lost the conflict it started and effectively given control over key oil delivery channels to Iran. Not to mention Saudia facing real issues from rebel groups / Yemen (simplification).
Government debt is high in several key economies, and the bond market is being saturated with AI-related bonds, as well as possibly people finally tired of lending the USA/France/UK money at low rates and demanding higher ones. And with higher interest rates and bonds rolling over it means more and more money going to pay for the debt, rather than core services.
Wild cards lurking in the bushes... AI, AGI, RSI.
And yonder you have a nuclear power floundering; its only source of hard currency is being rightfully degraded, and its leadership delusional.
And the one to watch IMO... Russian wheat export ability: wheat prices are up considerably, and combined with inflation from oil, this is the kind of stuff that creates waves of political change like the Arab Spring.
Inflation is high, so interest rates need to go up to try to slow that, but the economy isn't doing amazing already, and higher interest rates won't help that.
Not to mention the US debt is _high_ as hell and bond yields mean that's more expensive.
And the country is run by a broken fool who has no interest or ability to fix any of that.
And the country is run by a broken fool who has no interest or ability to fix any of that.
Trump will be gone in three years, but you'll still have an electorate that wants more free stuff while also getting tax cuts. There is zero appetite for fiscal reform in the U.S. The geometric growth rate of U.S. debt has been consistent since 2010 and will remain so when AOC is President: https://usafacts.org/answers/how-much-debt-does-the-us-have/...
You really really just need to raise taxes. Just find a way to sell that to the public (focus on the rich or large corporations or whatever outgroup you want basically)
Disagree. We have a spending problem, not a tax revenue problem. No matter how much the govt brings in, it will want to spend an increasing amount more.
Covid? Half the money printed happened under his watch the first admin. Biden continued the other half. Now we have yet another war to make matters worse. What are you proposing be done to fix it?
Technically it was Besset, but Trump gave him the reigns.
The purpose seems to be to radically debase the dollar and setup a crises that requires an entitlement cut (Social Security) for "the good of the economy" while also expanding military spending at the same time.
Long term bond yields are not directly tied to the Fed funds rate.
The problem is the debt purchased by the Fed during QE had extremely low yields (COVID era) the reserves held by banks created by the Fed during QE now cost more to service by the Fed.
There is also insane amount of debt from ai related investment. China's free model is crushing the ai margins while these companies need to pay their debt and obligations. The debt bomb clock is ticking.
Disagree, fairly strongly. In 2008, four trillion dollars evaporated. In order to keep the economy from completely crashing, the Fed created $4T using QE and such tricks. The result was 15 years of flat. No inflation for 15 years. If inflation shows up a decade and a half later, that probably wasn't the fault of how QE was done.
The country has been _run_ by fools for 26 years. Congress has had 26 years to do something about the fiscal situation, and we've had four presidents, and the fiscal responsible side of the electorate is never listened to.
Both sides are to blame - neither will fix the problem. Obama could've made that his goal - he was competent, had a lot of political good will, and many people were frustrated at the bailout policy Bush did, but instead it was inflationary printing (quantitative easing), Obamacare and Cash 4 Clunkers (which the used car market still hasn't recovered from).
I never voted for him - I didn't view him as honest, nor did he seem to indicate that he liked America, but was rather just a good talker - but I think he could've been a great president given a less radicalizing agenda.
He was probably the best situated president in terms of timing to fix the debt problem, but instead it was a good time for divisive politics. By the time Obama finished, it became clear neither party actually cared about the fiscally conservative Ron Paul supporting voting block.
I would love to hear what was "radical" or "divisive" about Obama's policy. A significant portion of the country disliking him because of his skin color doesn't make his policies "radical"
A universal health care mandate were both radical and divisive, and the popular nickname for the ACA today is "Obamacare".
I happen to think the policy was a good idea, and voting to keep it in play was the best vote of John McCain's career ... but it was definitely both radical and divisive.
Now, much of the "mandate" has been stripped away, health care remains a mess, and access is far from affordable, but you can't really blame that one on Obama.
Why specifically 26 years? I agree that Congress has been increasingly useless, leading to more and more rule by presidential decree in order to have a government that runs at all, but there wasn't a step function 26 years ago.
its because prior to that (2000 Bush era), congress and president had a plan to payoff debt and had a balanced budget plan in place to avoid over spending.
For those of us without a degree in economics the last few years have seemed a bit unhinged from reality so I will not claim any deep insight here. However, it is hard to imagine that an increase in cost of debt will not have some impact and probably in ways not anticipated by many of those with economics degrees.
Higher rates means financing/borrowing is more expensive. Mortgage rates will go up, possibly pushing home prices down. This is neutral for buyers because of higher rates, but bad for sellers. Loans (personal or business) will be harder to come by. Layoffs, or at least hiring freezes, are more likely. Companies will move into a defensive rather than an growth mode. Higher unemployment will lead to more desperation, and possibly consumer defaults on loans and mortgages.
Government interest payments, which are already high, will become higher after future bond sales. This will compound future budgetary problems and could eventually lead to cuts in entitlements. If so, expect crime and political instability (already a problem) to rise in the future. This will take a while, though.
Normally rates are increased to lower inflation by reducing the supply of money. Given the multiple concurrent problems with energy (Hormuz, Red Sea/Yanbu, Russia/Ukraine, possibly Libya as problems are starting there, China is buying aggressively) then higher rates may not be enough to stop inflation. This would create a situation where both borrowing is harder and inflation continues to rage. This is very bad and will lead to demand destruction (nobody’s buying anything because it’s too expensive and they can’t finance it anyway). This results in a severe recession at the minimum.
Edit: wow, I really set off a discussion with this. See replies below for clarification on mortgage rates, which is the least important part anyways. Also, I should note that a lot of the above is a worst case scenario, if energy isn’t solved soon and especially if bonds don’t respond to the hike, leading to further hikes.
Your graph shows that home sales have been at a constant rate for the last 3 years. They are way down from 2020-2021, when covid plus low interest rates caused a home buying frenzy, but this is not new. We've been in this regime for the last 4ish years, 25 basis points is not going to change anything. In fact, interest rates are lower now than they were a year ago.
That's not to say that rising rates aren't a sign of bad things, the definitely are, it's just not going to make much of an impact with this magnitude of change.
As a buyer you rather want to take out a loan in a high interest rate environment than a low interest rate environment, given that the monthly payment is the same.
1000 usd extra paid towards your mortgage actually makes a difference when the rate is 15% compared to when it is 1.5%
There's also "date the rate, marry the price". If you're a buyer and think that rates are going to come down within a couple of years, you can lock in the lower price of your home for property tax purposes and then refinance when rates are lower.
But a lot of people bought in 2024 expecting that to happen.
He assumed that the payment is the same meaning the principal for the same house went down and so this is neutral. If your payment is the same it doesn't matter what is principal vs interest. In the best cases rates go down in the future and then you refinance and your payment goes way down.
House prices tend to be "sticky", so that assumption is probably wrong. People who own a house often cannot afford to sell for the current value since it won't pay off their loan and leave enough money left over for a replacement house so they avoid moving. Eventually things get bad enough that they "sell short", but that takes a credit hit so you don't want to do that until the loss is large (and in turn you gain more).
Only if you expect rates to come down in the future. If the monthly payment is the same, I guess you have a slightly bigger mortgage interest deduction for tax purposes, but you’re still paying the same amount each month.
If you expect rates to come down soon, you can plan to refinance in the future, but that’s a gamble. Rates may not go down, or the value of the house could go down before you refinance, which may make refinancing more expensive depending on how much you owe.
The question is what will rates do in the future. If rates go down you refinance, if they go up even more you hold your rates. Either way so you are fine long term, but it can be 10 years before it pays off.
Note that the US mostly does fixed rate for life of the loan. Many countries only have ARM (adjustable rates), and those exist in the US as well. If you have an ARM that changes things greatly.
Mortgage rates are not decided by the fed rate as much as they are by the bond yields. There’s a reason why the mortgage rates were above 7% yesterday even when the fed rate has been stable for a while.
This rate hike is aimed to stabilize the bond yields which in turn will lower the mortgage rates.
If interest rates go up, bonds get sold (for better yield bearing products), pushing the yields of those bonds higher. And it finds some equilibrium. The fact it isn't immediate has to do with short term vs long term bonds. When they mature and the pace of arbitrage.
I don't see how a rate hike is meant to lower mortgage rate. And just looking at the figures shows it's the opposite effect.
Logically, if borrowing money becomes more expensive, how could borrowing specifically for the purpose of buying houses become cheaper.
You have to look at the current context. Bond yields have been spiking, mostly because of the inflation expectations from oil prices and tariffs (mostly oil prices). Mortgages mostly track 10 year yields, which is why when fed dropped the rates back to back, the mortgage rates didn’t come down. The current hike (and the next one) is supposed to create a deflationary pressure, but also provide confidence to the market that the fed will step in to cool inflation if necessary. This in turn lowers the yield on 10 year treasuries and therefore mortgage rates.
The fed rate provides a floor for mortgage rates, but the 10 year yield and mortgage demand decide the ceiling. Currently the demand is pretty low, and therefore the yield mostly controls the mortgage rates.
what I'm saying is that Fed hikes interest rates → bonds sell off → yields rise → mortgage rates rise.
This is logical and empirically observed.
But you are right on the longer term effect. Zooming out: Fed hikes → inflation cools → inflation expectations fall → yields fall → mortgage rates fall.
But the latter is not guaranteed, and it takes time.
I'm unsure to understand how the ceiling and floor mechanisms work. But will dig into that. Thanks.
It seems like this would depend on the bond market’s perception of whether or not this hike is the start of a trend. It could be seen as a signal that political attempts to lower rates have been unsuccessful.
“Higher rates means financing/borrowing is more expensive. Mortgage rates will go up,…”
This is highly inaccurate. The 10 year US treasury is a better metric for predicting mortgage rates. We saw this during the past interest rate cuts, interest for loans and mortgages still went up, remember? I do, because I was borrowing at the time. And why was that? Because the 10-year treasury continued going up, and that matters more than short term interest rates. The 10-year treasury is about expectations about the future, so we need to look at how the market responds before screaming mortgage rates will go up, they could actually go down.
I didn’t say it was the best metric, but they trend in the same direction over time.
The 10 year and fed rates are usually correlated. Occasionally rates spike or dip without moving the 10 year, but these events are brief. This could be a short spike, but only time will tell.
Stagflation is when the economy stagnates yet inflation is higher than ideal. Inflation and economic activity are typically correlated, and the conventional wisdom back in the day was that you couldn't have unemployment going up and things costing more, because it was expected that demand going down puts a downward pressure on prices. When people aren't hiring and buying but things cost more and more, life just kind of sucks. The last time this happened was in the 1970s in the aftermath of a few oil embargoes that made oil prices go through the roof and a disastrously expensive failed war in Vietnam, there was gas rationing, it sucked.
You may notice a few key similarities now with oil embargoes, reduced hiring, an extremely expensive war, and rapidly expanding government debt as a result of that war. If you want a qualitative feeling about people's moods in the 70s, you can watch such movies as:
Taxi Driver
The Deer Hunter
The Warriors
Americathon
Network
This is the right move. Inflationary pressures due to high oil prices and tariffs are not going away anytime soon. All the economic numbers point to a need for a rate hike. Not doing so has a much larger effect on the financial system than a 25 bps rate hike. Stagflation is a bigger risk to the economy.
Counterintuitively the rate hike can help lower things like mortgage rates by stabilizing the bond yields.
We'll continue through the depression we've started since 2008. (GDP growth should be closer to 3.5%-5%, but we haven't really escaped sub-2% since 2008) - our GDP has been depressed by at least 1-2% growth since that crisis, and I think a large part of it has been the inflationary cycle we started and never stopped.
The wars already put us into too much debt, Obama continued it for 8 years (granted, the deficit slowly went down, but it wasn't fixed). Trump and Biden did a huge disservice to the debt (but neither really cared much about it), and now I fear the path Bush, Obama, Trump, and Biden have laid will not be easily fixed.
I agree with you. We are still paying for 2008, and compounded the problem with Covid stimuli. I sure wish we would just rip the band aid off at this point, but it might already be too late. The global economy is jacked, China needs everyone to be consumers, and that well is running dry, globally.
I don't think that mortgage rates are going to go down; I think they will go up. Just my opinion.
I also think oil is about to go up even more, maybe for multiple years, which is going to be inflationary on everything we do. But, could be really good for solar growth, electrification, and electric cars.
That wouldn’t be a great way to measure it. I’m only talking about the fed rates, how it impacts the bond market and therefore the mortgage rates. If someone decides to nuke the oil infrastructure of the world tomorrow, this rate hike doesn’t matter and your hopes and dreams of a low mortgage rate get nuked along with the oil infrastructure.
The country - particularly this industry, information technology - got addicted to cheap cash. Worse, people didn't want to pay any of it back in tax, so bond yields are going to go up on the debt that was issued to cover deficit spending.
Should be interesting to see how this impacts the AI hyper-scalers. They were already burning through cash like a furnace and were running out of people to borrow from, thus the IPO hopes.
Should be interesting to see how this impacts the AI hyper-scalers. They were already burning through cash like a furnace and were running out of people to borrow from
looks very similar to 2007-2008 - high rates plus an wide economy segment with very large debt. Now, the interesting question - did anybody "too large to fail" do (or got exposed in some other ways to) leveraged CDS on the hyperscalers bonds and private debt.
To be honest though cash hasn't been cheap for a while, not really since 2021. We have been in relatively high interest rates for the entire AI boom. Going from 350-375 to 375-400 won't be a huge shock for hyperscalers. Interest rate are still lower than when many made their initial investments in 2023-2025
Edit: Whoever the hell flagged this lol....people were complaining the parent comment wasn't helpful so I took time to write a thoughtful response with citations. You can't win around here.
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The counterintuitive part is that a lower Fed rate doesn't necessarily mean cheaper borrowing for the government. The Fed sets an overnight rate; someone lending for ten years cares about inflation and interest rates over those ten years. Keeping short-term rates low won't necessarily reassure that lender. [1]
It also helps to distinguish the government's debt from a giant credit card. Existing fixed-rate bonds keep their agreed interest payments. Higher borrowing costs feed into the budget as old debt matures and gets refinanced, and as new debt is issued. The pain accumulates rather than arriving all at once. [2]
Nor does a larger interest bill automatically require "printing money." Treasury borrowing and Fed money creation are separate decisions. [3]
The difficult question is how to contain inflation without causing more economic damage than necessary. A large debt load makes that tradeoff more expensive; it doesn't make either option painless.
I thought bumping up the prime rate slowed consumer spending. But the recent price hikes are because supply is hosed (oil, tariffs), not that demand has been bidding up prices. So how is this supposed to help?
I mean, if predicting market behaviour was that simple, I'd be very rich by now. This is another unique moment, the beginning of the end of an empire possibly. Some unusual things are going to happen and it'll be tricky to predict reliably.
Best thing we can hope for here is Trump sees an obvious way out of this: return the economy to a predicable machine, reduce spending, tax the ultra wealthy, and ditch tariffs. But I don't think much of that's likely to occur.
We're in unchartered territory in many ways. Good luck.
It doesn't matter whether it is a supply shock or a demand shock, the correct response to inflation is to raise rates, which reduces economic activity and in this situation the reduced activity reduces demand for oil, which is what is needed in an environment in which we have less oil than normal.
Although it is the third world that is going to take the hit, the wealthy nations will bid up the price of oil to ensure they continue to get it, the poorer nations will be priced out. What is an annoyance in the west -- say needing to delay a major purchase or postpone a vacation or reduce expenses - translates to famine and deindustrialization in the global south.
Maybe it's not such a good idea to be waging war against major resource exporting nations, the US and Europe are now sanctioning about half of the global resource exporting nations, and the only benefit of this is higher prices in our domestic economies and China coming in to sign trade deals for discounted Russian and Iranian oil.
KSA also needs to lay off the Houthis and lift the embargo, it's long past time that they give up trying to control who runs Yemen.
The US is going to debase itself endlessly through spend-print-spend-print. At some point they may load up enough debt that the economy suffers a gradual heat death, in the style of Japan, wherein too much of your national capital is going to debt maintenance, sitting in a low yield blackhole sucking the dynamism out of your system (instead of going to productive use, business expansion, R&D, et al).
There's absolutely nothing particularly interesting or special about the direction the US is going. It's very, very, very easy to see what's coming and has been for ~20 years (since Bush nearly doubled the size of the Federal Government and blew up our finances with simultaneous tax cuts + massive spending expansion, we've never turned back from the bleed).
Gold has gone up ~10x since the early Bush years precisely because of the USD debasement, that's the reduction in value in the dollar being represented in the ultimate store of value. All of it has been remarkably predictable. I've been chirping about it forever here and there's nothing special about my insight either, this stuff is plain as day national econ 101.
The turning point is approaching: Interest rates will gradually overtake all other gov't expenditures. All politics will revolve around shoring up the parasitic drain on the rest of absolutely everything.
i know what you mean. 2008 and covid taught me to stop underestimating the abilities/nerve of our financial schemers and their political representatives to kick the can down the road. but i am too anxious about it to think straight. what to do?
Unfortunately, during that time is when they screwed around with the gold confiscations. So the best option would have been to illegally hoard gold until they struck the statute down?
I'm shocked that more people don't know about this. It seems insane that the "land of the free" (yeah I know, not really, but that's the pitch anyway) would have such an obviously command-economy policy through the heart of the cold war.
Prediction: this causes a recession in two years, right after a Democrat wins the White House, who will be blamed for it. The economy will turn around after a few years, just in time for a Republican to win and claim they fixed it.
This is how Republicans have a reputation for being economically savvy despite actual evidence to the contrary, because the general population doesn’t understand that economics runs on a time delay.
I basically agree. I don't care for DJT, but I can see how getting his "second term" underway after his first one could have been better. His four years away allowed him to stew and plan and respond.
And which party controls congress? I'll give you a hint: It's the party that spent decades advocating for irresponsible tax cuts without cutting spending[0].
[0] Yes, I know that the Republicans said that they were going to cut spending to match the tax cuts, but that never ends up happening.
The (vast?) majority of the debt happened as the result of the Republican party both increasing spending and cutting taxes every time it lands someone in the White House and before midterms flip the House back to Democrats.
There's a fair argument to be made that the Democrats could/should have reversed these disastrous fiscal policies when they gained power, but it's important to be wary of Murc's Law while also acknowledging doing so would also burn a lot of political capital Democrats never seem to have much of.
The American electorate is a grade school child constantly evaluating which parent it likes the most. One tells you that you can eat as much candy as you like and play video games all night (neither of which hit you until the following day), while the other occasionally tells you to eat your vegetables, do your homework, and clean your room.
The (vast?) majority of the debt happened as the result of the Republican party both increasing spending and cutting taxes every time it lands someone in the White House and before midterms flip the House back to Democrats.
Both parties have run an increasing deficit, with the only outlier being a small amount of time in the late 90s. The deficit is largely caused by social security outlays, medicare/medicaid outlays, and military spending, none of which are going to meaningfully change under either party
I'm a lot more sympathetic to Joe Biden temporarily causing a spike in inflation while helping America recover from a horrible pandemic than Republicans habitually running the country off of debt.
I may be wrong but I think they are referring to the Republican party's position on trans athletes in sports (literally, who is allowed on a girls sports team) being the only thing that matters to some voters.
Its a joke where all Republicans care about is winning the culture wars. Meaning there are boys on the girls sports teams who identify as girls. Its to get the base mad and get them to vote (supposedly).
What results? Overnight interbank loan rates, yes, immediately. The effect of those rates on the economy? It will take time to propagate. Heck, some important committees only meet like twice a year.
At what point into a presidential term does it become their actual mess? And is there evidence of a time delay? Because by that argument, the mess we are in would been caused by Democrats.
Usually, months to years. The economy is a very big ship and slow to steer.
This particular crisis is quite abrupt, caused by a sharp jump in the price of oil. Most presidents don't really deserve either the credit or fault that they receive on the economy, but in this case there's a very clear and direct connection.
There's not a constant cutoff. It depends a lot on what the president and the administration do. Does the president push the button and start nuclear war? They are the primary driver for the new economy. Does the president continue the same policies that were working for the last decade and continue to work for the length of their presidency? They might never be the primary driver.
Another possibility is recession in next two years, but its brief enough that recovery starts before 2028 election - republicans take credit and voters believe it - JD Vance gets elected president.
I recall reading something from axios or similar, talking about how a CEO said a "nice light recession right now would be perfect for us" or something to that effect.
But not doing this would, in two years, cause (or at least allow) inflation that would cause harm, too. But Trump might get blamed in that case, because inflation would increase for the next two years, and so people would experience the pain during his term.
"this" (raising the fed rate by .25%) is not what causes a recession in 2 years, it's what led to "this" (the ill-advised, badly-planned, Iran war) + tariffs + popping AI bubble that will do that.
This is how Republicans have a reputation for being economically savvy despite actual evidence to the contrary, because the general population doesn’t understand that economics runs on a time delay.
And it's how Democrats have a reputation for being the "wrongly victimized underdog / misunderstood savior" despite actual evidence to the contrary, because the general population doesn’t understand that economics runs on a time delay.
A 0.25% rate hike is going to cause a recession? How, exactly, would that happen?
Honestly it seems your post is heavy on politics but I am not seeing an actual argument anywhere in there.
My canned response to people being upset at various policies or ratios, whether it is inflation, or bond yields, or market movements, is to ask them what they think the correct value should be. Stop complaining about the movement and instead ask them for their target. You think a 4% FedFunds is too high or too low? What do you think the correct value is and why? You think the stock market is too high or too low, what do you think the correct value of the index should be?
Most people, who were just moments ago vociferously complaining about a movement, when asked this question fall silent, because they have no idea what the target should be, and because they have no idea about the target, they really have no business complaining about movement. Instead, they use the movement as a springboard to air their ideological beefs. But if you are going to tie some thesis to a rate hike, you better be able to explain what you think the correct rate should be and why. I'm waiting.
Personally, I think a 4% rate is perfectly fine. 5% may even be warranted, and historically this has not been a high rate, if you assume, say, 2.5% inflation and 2% GDP growth, this is a pretty reasonable place to be.
I dunno about the politics, but personally I don't think there is a generic "correct" value. The rate describes the state of the world, and the "correct" value is whatever accurately describes the state of the world.
There is a separate question though - is that state of the world good or bad for people? Is it better or worse today than it was yesterday? What can we do - collectively - to push it in a direction that best serves our collective interests? These are valid questions to ask, and I think each takes us further in the direction of politics.
A 0.25% rate hike is going to cause a recession? How, exactly, would that happen?
I didn’t see anyone claim a single 25 bps hike will cause a recession.
The 30 day FFR futures (/ZQ) curve is pricing in an 80% chance of two more hikes by the March 2027 meeting and a 70% chance of 3 or 4 hikes by Sept 2027’s meeting. So, 50 bps predicted in the next 6 months and 25-50 bps more within one year.
Yes, I think 5% will eventually happen, but I don't think we'll get there before the mid-terms, the Fed moves slowly.
Basically you have an inflation shock and you want the reaction function to be higher, so if inflation is 1% too high, you want a 1.5% or 2% rate hike. If inflation is 1% too low, you want a 1.5% or 2% rate cut. The reaction function has to be greater than the deviation from target, but this gives you price stability, it doesn't require a recession, although it may cause a recession.
I don’t understand why central banks seem to use such a blunt object like interest rates for every inflation problem. It would make sense to rise if the cause of inflation was accelerated economic activity, not price rises due to supply restrictions. How does hurting mortgage holders even more help with not starting wars? All it can do is have a double dampening effect on the economy as people pull back their discretionary spending.
Using interest rates for this kind of inflation is guaranteed to cause a recession.
Central banks didn't use to do this, in the post-war period up until about 1980, they tried targeting the monetary aggregates like M2.
Unfortunately they discovered that the size of monetary aggregates was outside the control of central banks, these were demand determined by the public's desire for money balances. So all attempts to control the growth of monetary aggregates failed.
Having an inability to control anything else, the central banks turned to the one thing they could control -- overnight interest interest rates, and from that, bond yields more generally. That is the one tool in their toolbox.
My canned response to people being upset at various policies or ratios, whether it is inflation, or bond yields, or market movements, is to ask them what they think the correct value should be.
Maybe find a better canned response? US debt has never been higher, and because of this even rates that are below historic highs can cause economic chaos.
Did you ever think that the reason why US debt is so high is because rates are so low and borrowing is so cheap? Higher rates are needed, and are really the only mechanism to reduce borrowing.
We are seeing asset bubbles across the board in this economy, in housing, in equities, auto loans, etc. It turns out that if you make something cheap, people buy more of it, and that includes the government.
I agree with you, and this is much better than your previous "canned response". However, this goes back to my previous point that even historically low rates can cause economic chaos if the debt is high enough.
It bugs me that the Fed has no mechanism to really deal with supply-shock driven inflation. Prices are shooting up, but not strongly correlated to money supply at the moment. They’re shooting up because there are a dozen or more entirely capricious and totally self-inflicted supply-shocks due to bizzaro tariff “policy”, disastrous military adventurism, and general erosion of the USD the prime vessel for international trade.
The Fed tightening the money supply isn’t going to materially bring prices down, because the money supply isn’t driving the price increases.
The net effect is demand destruction. The US shouldn't be exporting diesel when it lacks sufficient refining capacity to make up for all of the capacity destroyed or unavailable from the US war of choice with Iran. And as the price of US domestic diesel goes to $6+, oil demand is going down both because there's insufficient refining capacity and there's a general slow down in the economy from the added inflation baked-in by higher oil prices and higher diesel prices.
the Fed has no mechanism to really deal with supply-shock driven inflation.
Inflation is just a change in the ratio of money to stuff. You can reduce inflation by increasing the stuff or reducing the money, and cause it by doing the opposite. There's no requirement that the solution is applied to "the same factor", either works.
Sure, if you're wanting to assign blame or worried about externalities these things start to matter. But monetary policy is a perfectly fine tool for dealing with inflation, regardless of the cause.
Note: inflation causes prices to rise, but that doesn't mean that all changes in price are caused by inflation.
You’re describing only one flavor of inflation. What the Fed is supposed to care about is price stability, and lots of things influence prices, and not all of them are money supply and/or new money supply correspondent.
We saw this during COVID, the prices of things shot through the roof because of a combination of supply-chain shocks as well as the already well capitalized seizing the opportunity to spend their war chests locking down as much of the available supply as possible, which resulted in consolidation, which resulted in less available supply.
The random trade wars directly cause goods to cost more for absolutely no good reason whatsoever, it’s just a tax masquerading as a price increase, but the Fed deals in stabilizing prices, not taxes. So, it changing the money supply parameters does nothing.
The weakening of the international trade position of the USD writ large also causes prices to go up for no good reason, and nothing about that is going to be resolved by the Fed fiddling with the money supply parameters because it has to do with the stability and reliability of the U.S. as a trustworthy geopolitical operator, which the Fed can do next to nothing about.
The inflation being experienced as price instability/increases is being induced acutely by terrible fiscal & trade policy, but the Fed is acting to try to “fix it” using monetary policy, which won’t work at all. So, what’s the point? Just to look like it’s doing something?
Yeeep, inflation right now is not a monetary phenomenon. There's also general corporate greed and ever-increasing monopolization, helped out by Trump's lax regulatory hand
Interest rates rising aren't going to fix these sources of inflation.
It usually isn't. That doesn't change that raising rates should slow down credit creation a bit. That reduces demand in a supply-constrained economy. It also reduces risk appetites, which helps in a perilous world. (Finally, it gives rate-cutting headroom for when someone levered blows up.)
It bugs me that the Fed has no mechanism to really deal with supply-shock driven inflation.
I mean, what would that actually look like? The Fed is insulated from democratic accountability, for very good reasons, but flipside of that is that their powers are intentionally limited. If they had the same immunity to public opinion but with the power to address supply shocks, that would quickly veer into tyranny.
It's a careful balancing act and there is no perfect solution. What's supposed to happen is that Congress acts on supply-shock driven inflation, but this current Congress would rather eat a bag of broken glass than actually govern, which the Fed can't really do anything about.
What it would look like, at the barest minimum, would be the Fed rightly and with receipts calling out the fact that they’re a monetary policy function, and that the current inflationary problems aren’t a monetary one, so if the U.S. would like something done about its inflation issues, then it needs to look someplace else besides the Fed to deal with it.
It doesn’t have to do anything to monetary policy when monetary policy isn’t the problem. It can do nothing.
It’s not the Fed’s job to try to fix terrible fiscal & trade policy, but that’s now what it’s basically trying to do. So, it’s become a political function by virtue of the political apparatus offloading the consequences of its idiocy onto the Fed to clean up after it with a set of tools that can’t even actually do the job.
Get ready for a fun ride my friends :)
Fun ride =
Oil is going up, possibly for a long time, which will have a big inflationary effect on everything. And it appears the USA government has lost the conflict it started and effectively given control over key oil delivery channels to Iran. Not to mention Saudia facing real issues from rebel groups / Yemen (simplification).
Government debt is high in several key economies, and the bond market is being saturated with AI-related bonds, as well as possibly people finally tired of lending the USA/France/UK money at low rates and demanding higher ones. And with higher interest rates and bonds rolling over it means more and more money going to pay for the debt, rather than core services.
Wild cards lurking in the bushes... AI, AGI, RSI.
And yonder you have a nuclear power floundering; its only source of hard currency is being rightfully degraded, and its leadership delusional.
And the one to watch IMO... Russian wheat export ability: wheat prices are up considerably, and combined with inflation from oil, this is the kind of stuff that creates waves of political change like the Arab Spring.
This comment isn't helpful. Please explain for those of us without a degree in economics.
bwb is likely referring to the likelihood that this will send Trump into a tremendous rage.
I can't wait to see the next Truth Social post.
hah i know, his own man raised rates, he will probably send the military out to get Walsh
Higher rates means USG will need to print more money to pay for $40TN debt which will increase inflation which will force higher rates.
The debt is owed by the treasury, fed prints the money. What you’re describing is not how the monetary system works.
The Fed purchased Treasury securities during COVID QE. Those securities had low yields and cash reserves were created during those purchases.
Those cash reserves are held by banks which the Fed funds rate pays interest on (what was hiked).
Meanwhile the fixed rate debt from QE remains the same.
Inflation is high, so interest rates need to go up to try to slow that, but the economy isn't doing amazing already, and higher interest rates won't help that.
Not to mention the US debt is _high_ as hell and bond yields mean that's more expensive.
And the country is run by a broken fool who has no interest or ability to fix any of that.
Trump will be gone in three years, but you'll still have an electorate that wants more free stuff while also getting tax cuts. There is zero appetite for fiscal reform in the U.S. The geometric growth rate of U.S. debt has been consistent since 2010 and will remain so when AOC is President: https://usafacts.org/answers/how-much-debt-does-the-us-have/...
You really really just need to raise taxes. Just find a way to sell that to the public (focus on the rich or large corporations or whatever outgroup you want basically)
Disagree. We have a spending problem, not a tax revenue problem. No matter how much the govt brings in, it will want to spend an increasing amount more.
Is there anything that can't be solved by bigger government?
Yay stagflation!
It’s worse than no ability to fix it — he caused a large part of it for unclear reasons
Covid? Half the money printed happened under his watch the first admin. Biden continued the other half. Now we have yet another war to make matters worse. What are you proposing be done to fix it?
Well I sure wouldn't have started another war.
Technically it was Besset, but Trump gave him the reigns.
The purpose seems to be to radically debase the dollar and setup a crises that requires an entitlement cut (Social Security) for "the good of the economy" while also expanding military spending at the same time.
Long term bond yields are not directly tied to the Fed funds rate.
The problem is the debt purchased by the Fed during QE had extremely low yields (COVID era) the reserves held by banks created by the Fed during QE now cost more to service by the Fed.
There is also insane amount of debt from ai related investment. China's free model is crushing the ai margins while these companies need to pay their debt and obligations. The debt bomb clock is ticking.
The next few years would be fun.
QE without public debt sterilization is going to appear as the costliest macroeconomic mistake of the early 21st century.
Disagree, fairly strongly. In 2008, four trillion dollars evaporated. In order to keep the economy from completely crashing, the Fed created $4T using QE and such tricks. The result was 15 years of flat. No inflation for 15 years. If inflation shows up a decade and a half later, that probably wasn't the fault of how QE was done.
The country has been _run_ by fools for 26 years. Congress has had 26 years to do something about the fiscal situation, and we've had four presidents, and the fiscal responsible side of the electorate is never listened to.
Both sides are to blame - neither will fix the problem. Obama could've made that his goal - he was competent, had a lot of political good will, and many people were frustrated at the bailout policy Bush did, but instead it was inflationary printing (quantitative easing), Obamacare and Cash 4 Clunkers (which the used car market still hasn't recovered from).
I never voted for him - I didn't view him as honest, nor did he seem to indicate that he liked America, but was rather just a good talker - but I think he could've been a great president given a less radicalizing agenda.
He was probably the best situated president in terms of timing to fix the debt problem, but instead it was a good time for divisive politics. By the time Obama finished, it became clear neither party actually cared about the fiscally conservative Ron Paul supporting voting block.
I would love to hear what was "radical" or "divisive" about Obama's policy. A significant portion of the country disliking him because of his skin color doesn't make his policies "radical"
A universal health care mandate were both radical and divisive, and the popular nickname for the ACA today is "Obamacare".
I happen to think the policy was a good idea, and voting to keep it in play was the best vote of John McCain's career ... but it was definitely both radical and divisive.
Now, much of the "mandate" has been stripped away, health care remains a mess, and access is far from affordable, but you can't really blame that one on Obama.
Why specifically 26 years? I agree that Congress has been increasingly useless, leading to more and more rule by presidential decree in order to have a government that runs at all, but there wasn't a step function 26 years ago.
its because prior to that (2000 Bush era), congress and president had a plan to payoff debt and had a balanced budget plan in place to avoid over spending.
For those of us without a degree in economics the last few years have seemed a bit unhinged from reality so I will not claim any deep insight here. However, it is hard to imagine that an increase in cost of debt will not have some impact and probably in ways not anticipated by many of those with economics degrees.
Higher rates means financing/borrowing is more expensive. Mortgage rates will go up, possibly pushing home prices down. This is neutral for buyers because of higher rates, but bad for sellers. Loans (personal or business) will be harder to come by. Layoffs, or at least hiring freezes, are more likely. Companies will move into a defensive rather than an growth mode. Higher unemployment will lead to more desperation, and possibly consumer defaults on loans and mortgages.
Government interest payments, which are already high, will become higher after future bond sales. This will compound future budgetary problems and could eventually lead to cuts in entitlements. If so, expect crime and political instability (already a problem) to rise in the future. This will take a while, though.
Normally rates are increased to lower inflation by reducing the supply of money. Given the multiple concurrent problems with energy (Hormuz, Red Sea/Yanbu, Russia/Ukraine, possibly Libya as problems are starting there, China is buying aggressively) then higher rates may not be enough to stop inflation. This would create a situation where both borrowing is harder and inflation continues to rage. This is very bad and will lead to demand destruction (nobody’s buying anything because it’s too expensive and they can’t finance it anyway). This results in a severe recession at the minimum.
Edit: wow, I really set off a discussion with this. See replies below for clarification on mortgage rates, which is the least important part anyways. Also, I should note that a lot of the above is a worst case scenario, if energy isn’t solved soon and especially if bonds don’t respond to the hike, leading to further hikes.
Home prices are sticky on the way down, 25 basis points won't change much
Supply is way up and sales are way down, on average: https://wolfstreet.com/2026/09/10/sales-of-existing-single-f...
This could be the catalyst to lower prices if sellers get spooked, especially if gas prices keep going up.
Your graph shows that home sales have been at a constant rate for the last 3 years. They are way down from 2020-2021, when covid plus low interest rates caused a home buying frenzy, but this is not new. We've been in this regime for the last 4ish years, 25 basis points is not going to change anything. In fact, interest rates are lower now than they were a year ago.
That's not to say that rising rates aren't a sign of bad things, the definitely are, it's just not going to make much of an impact with this magnitude of change.
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/fedfunds
Neutral for buyers? Absolutely not.
As a buyer you rather want to take out a loan in a high interest rate environment than a low interest rate environment, given that the monthly payment is the same.
1000 usd extra paid towards your mortgage actually makes a difference when the rate is 15% compared to when it is 1.5%
There's also "date the rate, marry the price". If you're a buyer and think that rates are going to come down within a couple of years, you can lock in the lower price of your home for property tax purposes and then refinance when rates are lower.
But a lot of people bought in 2024 expecting that to happen.
This really doesn’t make sense.
Higher interest rates mean the monthly payment is higher. You need to pay back the principal + the interest.
He assumed that the payment is the same meaning the principal for the same house went down and so this is neutral. If your payment is the same it doesn't matter what is principal vs interest. In the best cases rates go down in the future and then you refinance and your payment goes way down.
House prices tend to be "sticky", so that assumption is probably wrong. People who own a house often cannot afford to sell for the current value since it won't pay off their loan and leave enough money left over for a replacement house so they avoid moving. Eventually things get bad enough that they "sell short", but that takes a credit hit so you don't want to do that until the loss is large (and in turn you gain more).
Only if you expect rates to come down in the future. If the monthly payment is the same, I guess you have a slightly bigger mortgage interest deduction for tax purposes, but you’re still paying the same amount each month.
If you expect rates to come down soon, you can plan to refinance in the future, but that’s a gamble. Rates may not go down, or the value of the house could go down before you refinance, which may make refinancing more expensive depending on how much you owe.
The question is what will rates do in the future. If rates go down you refinance, if they go up even more you hold your rates. Either way so you are fine long term, but it can be 10 years before it pays off.
Note that the US mostly does fixed rate for life of the loan. Many countries only have ARM (adjustable rates), and those exist in the US as well. If you have an ARM that changes things greatly.
Mortgage rates are not decided by the fed rate as much as they are by the bond yields. There’s a reason why the mortgage rates were above 7% yesterday even when the fed rate has been stable for a while.
This rate hike is aimed to stabilize the bond yields which in turn will lower the mortgage rates.
But bond yields are based on a market.
If interest rates go up, bonds get sold (for better yield bearing products), pushing the yields of those bonds higher. And it finds some equilibrium. The fact it isn't immediate has to do with short term vs long term bonds. When they mature and the pace of arbitrage.
I don't see how a rate hike is meant to lower mortgage rate. And just looking at the figures shows it's the opposite effect.
Logically, if borrowing money becomes more expensive, how could borrowing specifically for the purpose of buying houses become cheaper.
You have to look at the current context. Bond yields have been spiking, mostly because of the inflation expectations from oil prices and tariffs (mostly oil prices). Mortgages mostly track 10 year yields, which is why when fed dropped the rates back to back, the mortgage rates didn’t come down. The current hike (and the next one) is supposed to create a deflationary pressure, but also provide confidence to the market that the fed will step in to cool inflation if necessary. This in turn lowers the yield on 10 year treasuries and therefore mortgage rates.
The fed rate provides a floor for mortgage rates, but the 10 year yield and mortgage demand decide the ceiling. Currently the demand is pretty low, and therefore the yield mostly controls the mortgage rates.
what I'm saying is that Fed hikes interest rates → bonds sell off → yields rise → mortgage rates rise.
This is logical and empirically observed.
But you are right on the longer term effect. Zooming out: Fed hikes → inflation cools → inflation expectations fall → yields fall → mortgage rates fall.
But the latter is not guaranteed, and it takes time.
I'm unsure to understand how the ceiling and floor mechanisms work. But will dig into that. Thanks.
It seems like this would depend on the bond market’s perception of whether or not this hike is the start of a trend. It could be seen as a signal that political attempts to lower rates have been unsuccessful.
“Higher rates means financing/borrowing is more expensive. Mortgage rates will go up,…”
This is highly inaccurate. The 10 year US treasury is a better metric for predicting mortgage rates. We saw this during the past interest rate cuts, interest for loans and mortgages still went up, remember? I do, because I was borrowing at the time. And why was that? Because the 10-year treasury continued going up, and that matters more than short term interest rates. The 10-year treasury is about expectations about the future, so we need to look at how the market responds before screaming mortgage rates will go up, they could actually go down.
Variable rate (loans) track the Fed rate. Fixed rate (loans) track the long term treasury yields.
I didn’t say it was the best metric, but they trend in the same direction over time.
The 10 year and fed rates are usually correlated. Occasionally rates spike or dip without moving the 10 year, but these events are brief. This could be a short spike, but only time will tell.
The comment could be more about the politics of this not the economics, Donald Trump has made it clear he is very against this sort of rate rise
What Trump says is never clear. It's also not a reliable source for what behavior the administration (or even he) exhibits.
Last time interest rates went up, Startups and SaaS went down, which many on HN 's livelihood depends.
Stagflation is when the economy stagnates yet inflation is higher than ideal. Inflation and economic activity are typically correlated, and the conventional wisdom back in the day was that you couldn't have unemployment going up and things costing more, because it was expected that demand going down puts a downward pressure on prices. When people aren't hiring and buying but things cost more and more, life just kind of sucks. The last time this happened was in the 1970s in the aftermath of a few oil embargoes that made oil prices go through the roof and a disastrously expensive failed war in Vietnam, there was gas rationing, it sucked.
You may notice a few key similarities now with oil embargoes, reduced hiring, an extremely expensive war, and rapidly expanding government debt as a result of that war. If you want a qualitative feeling about people's moods in the 70s, you can watch such movies as:
Taxi Driver The Deer Hunter The Warriors Americathon Network
I suggest A Boy And His Dog (based on a Harlan Ellison story)
why are you responding to a person like it is an LLM?
This is the right move. Inflationary pressures due to high oil prices and tariffs are not going away anytime soon. All the economic numbers point to a need for a rate hike. Not doing so has a much larger effect on the financial system than a 25 bps rate hike. Stagflation is a bigger risk to the economy.
Counterintuitively the rate hike can help lower things like mortgage rates by stabilizing the bond yields.
We'll continue through the depression we've started since 2008. (GDP growth should be closer to 3.5%-5%, but we haven't really escaped sub-2% since 2008) - our GDP has been depressed by at least 1-2% growth since that crisis, and I think a large part of it has been the inflationary cycle we started and never stopped.
The wars already put us into too much debt, Obama continued it for 8 years (granted, the deficit slowly went down, but it wasn't fixed). Trump and Biden did a huge disservice to the debt (but neither really cared much about it), and now I fear the path Bush, Obama, Trump, and Biden have laid will not be easily fixed.
I agree with you. We are still paying for 2008, and compounded the problem with Covid stimuli. I sure wish we would just rip the band aid off at this point, but it might already be too late. The global economy is jacked, China needs everyone to be consumers, and that well is running dry, globally.
Definitely the right move, 100% agree.
I don't think that mortgage rates are going to go down; I think they will go up. Just my opinion.
I also think oil is about to go up even more, maybe for multiple years, which is going to be inflationary on everything we do. But, could be really good for solar growth, electrification, and electric cars.
Re: mortgage rates
https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2026/09/16/heres-wha...
Remind me in 6 months :)
I'll be you; they are higher this time.
That wouldn’t be a great way to measure it. I’m only talking about the fed rates, how it impacts the bond market and therefore the mortgage rates. If someone decides to nuke the oil infrastructure of the world tomorrow, this rate hike doesn’t matter and your hopes and dreams of a low mortgage rate get nuked along with the oil infrastructure.
Not sure tbh.
It’s a highly non-linear system, many moving parts, people and systems adapt.
It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future!
Should have been this high years ago.
The country - particularly this industry, information technology - got addicted to cheap cash. Worse, people didn't want to pay any of it back in tax, so bond yields are going to go up on the debt that was issued to cover deficit spending.
Should be interesting to see how this impacts the AI hyper-scalers. They were already burning through cash like a furnace and were running out of people to borrow from, thus the IPO hopes.
looks very similar to 2007-2008 - high rates plus an wide economy segment with very large debt. Now, the interesting question - did anybody "too large to fail" do (or got exposed in some other ways to) leveraged CDS on the hyperscalers bonds and private debt.
If they dont pay it back in tax, they pay it back in debasement of their savings and entitlements
Yep, inflation is just another kind of tax, and one that's quite hard to avoid.
"years ago" seems like the wrong criticism. Today's rate is lower than the rates from December 2022-October 2025. That seems like years ago.
Let's say pre-COVID.
To be honest though cash hasn't been cheap for a while, not really since 2021. We have been in relatively high interest rates for the entire AI boom. Going from 350-375 to 375-400 won't be a huge shock for hyperscalers. Interest rate are still lower than when many made their initial investments in 2023-2025
Depends on your time frame for "relative to"; rates have been high compared to ZIRP-era, but still moderate to low when compared to historical norms.
Edit: Whoever the hell flagged this lol....people were complaining the parent comment wasn't helpful so I took time to write a thoughtful response with citations. You can't win around here.
---
The counterintuitive part is that a lower Fed rate doesn't necessarily mean cheaper borrowing for the government. The Fed sets an overnight rate; someone lending for ten years cares about inflation and interest rates over those ten years. Keeping short-term rates low won't necessarily reassure that lender. [1]
It also helps to distinguish the government's debt from a giant credit card. Existing fixed-rate bonds keep their agreed interest payments. Higher borrowing costs feed into the budget as old debt matures and gets refinanced, and as new debt is issued. The pain accumulates rather than arriving all at once. [2]
Nor does a larger interest bill automatically require "printing money." Treasury borrowing and Fed money creation are separate decisions. [3]
The difficult question is how to contain inflation without causing more economic damage than necessary. A large debt load makes that tradeoff more expensive; it doesn't make either option painless.
[1] https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/monetary-polic...
[2] https://www.treasurydirect.gov/marketable-securities/treasur...
[3] https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/how-does-the-federal-res...
I thought bumping up the prime rate slowed consumer spending. But the recent price hikes are because supply is hosed (oil, tariffs), not that demand has been bidding up prices. So how is this supposed to help?
I mean, if predicting market behaviour was that simple, I'd be very rich by now. This is another unique moment, the beginning of the end of an empire possibly. Some unusual things are going to happen and it'll be tricky to predict reliably.
Best thing we can hope for here is Trump sees an obvious way out of this: return the economy to a predicable machine, reduce spending, tax the ultra wealthy, and ditch tariffs. But I don't think much of that's likely to occur.
We're in unchartered territory in many ways. Good luck.
It doesn't matter whether it is a supply shock or a demand shock, the correct response to inflation is to raise rates, which reduces economic activity and in this situation the reduced activity reduces demand for oil, which is what is needed in an environment in which we have less oil than normal.
Although it is the third world that is going to take the hit, the wealthy nations will bid up the price of oil to ensure they continue to get it, the poorer nations will be priced out. What is an annoyance in the west -- say needing to delay a major purchase or postpone a vacation or reduce expenses - translates to famine and deindustrialization in the global south.
Maybe it's not such a good idea to be waging war against major resource exporting nations, the US and Europe are now sanctioning about half of the global resource exporting nations, and the only benefit of this is higher prices in our domestic economies and China coming in to sign trade deals for discounted Russian and Iranian oil.
KSA also needs to lay off the Houthis and lift the embargo, it's long past time that they give up trying to control who runs Yemen.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagflation
So, during the Great Depression who ended up doing well? What can be applied to today?
There isn't going to be a great depression.
The US is going to debase itself endlessly through spend-print-spend-print. At some point they may load up enough debt that the economy suffers a gradual heat death, in the style of Japan, wherein too much of your national capital is going to debt maintenance, sitting in a low yield blackhole sucking the dynamism out of your system (instead of going to productive use, business expansion, R&D, et al).
There's absolutely nothing particularly interesting or special about the direction the US is going. It's very, very, very easy to see what's coming and has been for ~20 years (since Bush nearly doubled the size of the Federal Government and blew up our finances with simultaneous tax cuts + massive spending expansion, we've never turned back from the bleed).
Gold has gone up ~10x since the early Bush years precisely because of the USD debasement, that's the reduction in value in the dollar being represented in the ultimate store of value. All of it has been remarkably predictable. I've been chirping about it forever here and there's nothing special about my insight either, this stuff is plain as day national econ 101.
The turning point is approaching: Interest rates will gradually overtake all other gov't expenditures. All politics will revolve around shoring up the parasitic drain on the rest of absolutely everything.
i know what you mean. 2008 and covid taught me to stop underestimating the abilities/nerve of our financial schemers and their political representatives to kick the can down the road. but i am too anxious about it to think straight. what to do?
We were 10 years from paying off the national debt when Clinton left office. 10 years!
Own stuff, not paper.
That's for hyperinflation. In a crash, you actually do want money (if you can find a job).
The consistent best thing you can do for yourself and family is sleep well and exercise to increase your aerobic efficiency.
yes, i will become the consummate amazon prime one hour delivery guy
Unfortunately, during that time is when they screwed around with the gold confiscations. So the best option would have been to illegally hoard gold until they struck the statute down?
Oof. Private gold ownership was illegal until 1975. So, you have to hide it for 40+ years? That investment strategy has some significant downsides...
I'm shocked that more people don't know about this. It seems insane that the "land of the free" (yeah I know, not really, but that's the pitch anyway) would have such an obviously command-economy policy through the heart of the cold war.
Whoever had money on hand to buy assets at bargain basement prices for people who didn't. Also - rum runners and smugglers.
I wonder if Canada (BoC) will follow this. I hope not!
They will probably wait it out to December and make a call then, but a small bump is looking more and more likely.
They are too concerned with their housing market to raise rates.
Prediction: this causes a recession in two years, right after a Democrat wins the White House, who will be blamed for it. The economy will turn around after a few years, just in time for a Republican to win and claim they fixed it.
This is how Republicans have a reputation for being economically savvy despite actual evidence to the contrary, because the general population doesn’t understand that economics runs on a time delay.
"Global depression imminent, here's what it means for this poor American political party"
Easy fix, have the democrats lose the next election and you break the spell. It's all military industrial complex anyway.
I wish they'd lost in 2020, that's for sure.
Hello similarly named account.
I basically agree. I don't care for DJT, but I can see how getting his "second term" underway after his first one could have been better. His four years away allowed him to stew and plan and respond.
Would have thinned the herd nicely by botching COVID and saved a ton on welfare.
So, you're aligned with President Trump who wants to cut rates, then?
I read the comment as: Trump’s policies are all forcing the US into stagflation so hard the fed has to do this, knowing it’ll cause a recession.
Fed actions typically take a few years to be felt, regardless of administration.
I doubt it will take 2 years as other ingredients are already at play.
Both parties are responsible for the inflation and debt. Fiscal policy is largely driven by congress, not the president
And which party controls congress? I'll give you a hint: It's the party that spent decades advocating for irresponsible tax cuts without cutting spending[0].
[0] Yes, I know that the Republicans said that they were going to cut spending to match the tax cuts, but that never ends up happening.
The high inflation since Covid and $40 trillion in debt didn’t happen under one party
But just one wins elections promising they will reducing it
Neither party has realistic plans to reduce the debt. It’s been that way for decades. Kicking the can down the road gets more votes
It was democrat who ended with surplus. This is not both sides issue. This very much "conservatives make things worst and hide behind both sides".
What's the other promising to do with it?
The (vast?) majority of the debt happened as the result of the Republican party both increasing spending and cutting taxes every time it lands someone in the White House and before midterms flip the House back to Democrats.
There's a fair argument to be made that the Democrats could/should have reversed these disastrous fiscal policies when they gained power, but it's important to be wary of Murc's Law while also acknowledging doing so would also burn a lot of political capital Democrats never seem to have much of.
The American electorate is a grade school child constantly evaluating which parent it likes the most. One tells you that you can eat as much candy as you like and play video games all night (neither of which hit you until the following day), while the other occasionally tells you to eat your vegetables, do your homework, and clean your room.
Both parties have run an increasing deficit, with the only outlier being a small amount of time in the late 90s. The deficit is largely caused by social security outlays, medicare/medicaid outlays, and military spending, none of which are going to meaningfully change under either party
I'm a lot more sympathetic to Joe Biden temporarily causing a spike in inflation while helping America recover from a horrible pandemic than Republicans habitually running the country off of debt.
Joe Biden didn’t cause a spike in inflation, congress did. And the policies that caused it wasn’t under Joe Biden’s term
Also, inflation wasn’t temporary
Partly it doesn't happen because you can't really get much done even if you have a majority. You really end up needing a super majority.
The one thing both parties agree on though is running up a massive deficit
This president single-handedly raised tariffs on goods from all over the world.
High inflation and large debt preceded the tariffs. That said, the tariffs didn’t help either. That’s why I said largely
Ultimately the president is enabled or constrained by laws enacted by congress
(deleted, political, no point)
I've not heard this expression before; can someone explain it to me?
I think they're referring to the obsession that some people have to trans issues.
I may be wrong but I think they are referring to the Republican party's position on trans athletes in sports (literally, who is allowed on a girls sports team) being the only thing that matters to some voters.
Its a joke where all Republicans care about is winning the culture wars. Meaning there are boys on the girls sports teams who identify as girls. Its to get the base mad and get them to vote (supposedly).
It's interesting that this article doesn't have the rate...
(It moved from 3.5% - 3.75% to 3.75% - 4%, the US uses a range, not a fixed number.)
But this one is something that gets results almost immediately. We will see what it does in 2 or 3 months, not years.
What results? Overnight interbank loan rates, yes, immediately. The effect of those rates on the economy? It will take time to propagate. Heck, some important committees only meet like twice a year.
Inflation numbers, companies firing, and the magnitude of fictional numbers on financial markets.
Lots and lots of things are slower to react, but those 3 are quite big and hard to ignore.
This exact scenario has happened 4 times in my living memory already.
I would upvote this 100x if I could. There are decades of evidence of this same thing happening but people be people'ing every 2-4 years :)
At what point into a presidential term does it become their actual mess? And is there evidence of a time delay? Because by that argument, the mess we are in would been caused by Democrats.
Usually, months to years. The economy is a very big ship and slow to steer.
This particular crisis is quite abrupt, caused by a sharp jump in the price of oil. Most presidents don't really deserve either the credit or fault that they receive on the economy, but in this case there's a very clear and direct connection.
All good is due to MyParty, all bad is due to OtherParty.
There's not a constant cutoff. It depends a lot on what the president and the administration do. Does the president push the button and start nuclear war? They are the primary driver for the new economy. Does the president continue the same policies that were working for the last decade and continue to work for the length of their presidency? They might never be the primary driver.
Depending on who you ask, the mess we are in is caused by Democrats.
Exactly like “biden’s” inflation from the zero interest rate policy.
We will enter a recession in less than two years, the R timing on this one isn’t going to work out
Another possibility is recession in next two years, but its brief enough that recovery starts before 2028 election - republicans take credit and voters believe it - JD Vance gets elected president.
I recall reading something from axios or similar, talking about how a CEO said a "nice light recession right now would be perfect for us" or something to that effect.
No, this will probably fall apart before Trump is out of office and a Democrat will be expected to clean up his mess again.
But not doing this would, in two years, cause (or at least allow) inflation that would cause harm, too. But Trump might get blamed in that case, because inflation would increase for the next two years, and so people would experience the pain during his term.
But this being supply shock induced inflation means that raising rates will likely have little effect on lowering inflation.
Wouldn’t surprise me if it was a lot sooner given skyrocketing fuel costs, high bond yields, and unsustainable AI spending.
"this" (raising the fed rate by .25%) is not what causes a recession in 2 years, it's what led to "this" (the ill-advised, badly-planned, Iran war) + tariffs + popping AI bubble that will do that.
And it's how Democrats have a reputation for being the "wrongly victimized underdog / misunderstood savior" despite actual evidence to the contrary, because the general population doesn’t understand that economics runs on a time delay.
A 0.25% rate hike is going to cause a recession? How, exactly, would that happen?
Honestly it seems your post is heavy on politics but I am not seeing an actual argument anywhere in there.
My canned response to people being upset at various policies or ratios, whether it is inflation, or bond yields, or market movements, is to ask them what they think the correct value should be. Stop complaining about the movement and instead ask them for their target. You think a 4% FedFunds is too high or too low? What do you think the correct value is and why? You think the stock market is too high or too low, what do you think the correct value of the index should be?
Most people, who were just moments ago vociferously complaining about a movement, when asked this question fall silent, because they have no idea what the target should be, and because they have no idea about the target, they really have no business complaining about movement. Instead, they use the movement as a springboard to air their ideological beefs. But if you are going to tie some thesis to a rate hike, you better be able to explain what you think the correct rate should be and why. I'm waiting.
Personally, I think a 4% rate is perfectly fine. 5% may even be warranted, and historically this has not been a high rate, if you assume, say, 2.5% inflation and 2% GDP growth, this is a pretty reasonable place to be.
I dunno about the politics, but personally I don't think there is a generic "correct" value. The rate describes the state of the world, and the "correct" value is whatever accurately describes the state of the world.
There is a separate question though - is that state of the world good or bad for people? Is it better or worse today than it was yesterday? What can we do - collectively - to push it in a direction that best serves our collective interests? These are valid questions to ask, and I think each takes us further in the direction of politics.
I didn’t see anyone claim a single 25 bps hike will cause a recession.
The 30 day FFR futures (/ZQ) curve is pricing in an 80% chance of two more hikes by the March 2027 meeting and a 70% chance of 3 or 4 hikes by Sept 2027’s meeting. So, 50 bps predicted in the next 6 months and 25-50 bps more within one year.
Source is the CME Fedwatch tool: https://www.cmegroup.com/markets/interest-rates/cme-fedwatch...
I think we’ll need to go to 5%+ within the next two years if fuel costs remain elevated.
Yes, I think 5% will eventually happen, but I don't think we'll get there before the mid-terms, the Fed moves slowly.
Basically you have an inflation shock and you want the reaction function to be higher, so if inflation is 1% too high, you want a 1.5% or 2% rate hike. If inflation is 1% too low, you want a 1.5% or 2% rate cut. The reaction function has to be greater than the deviation from target, but this gives you price stability, it doesn't require a recession, although it may cause a recession.
I don’t understand why central banks seem to use such a blunt object like interest rates for every inflation problem. It would make sense to rise if the cause of inflation was accelerated economic activity, not price rises due to supply restrictions. How does hurting mortgage holders even more help with not starting wars? All it can do is have a double dampening effect on the economy as people pull back their discretionary spending.
Using interest rates for this kind of inflation is guaranteed to cause a recession.
Central banks didn't use to do this, in the post-war period up until about 1980, they tried targeting the monetary aggregates like M2.
Unfortunately they discovered that the size of monetary aggregates was outside the control of central banks, these were demand determined by the public's desire for money balances. So all attempts to control the growth of monetary aggregates failed.
Having an inability to control anything else, the central banks turned to the one thing they could control -- overnight interest interest rates, and from that, bond yields more generally. That is the one tool in their toolbox.
Do you think other tools exist?
Maybe find a better canned response? US debt has never been higher, and because of this even rates that are below historic highs can cause economic chaos.
Did you ever think that the reason why US debt is so high is because rates are so low and borrowing is so cheap? Higher rates are needed, and are really the only mechanism to reduce borrowing.
We are seeing asset bubbles across the board in this economy, in housing, in equities, auto loans, etc. It turns out that if you make something cheap, people buy more of it, and that includes the government.
I agree with you, and this is much better than your previous "canned response". However, this goes back to my previous point that even historically low rates can cause economic chaos if the debt is high enough.
It bugs me that the Fed has no mechanism to really deal with supply-shock driven inflation. Prices are shooting up, but not strongly correlated to money supply at the moment. They’re shooting up because there are a dozen or more entirely capricious and totally self-inflicted supply-shocks due to bizzaro tariff “policy”, disastrous military adventurism, and general erosion of the USD the prime vessel for international trade.
The Fed tightening the money supply isn’t going to materially bring prices down, because the money supply isn’t driving the price increases.
Isn't the goal then demand destruction?
The net effect is demand destruction. The US shouldn't be exporting diesel when it lacks sufficient refining capacity to make up for all of the capacity destroyed or unavailable from the US war of choice with Iran. And as the price of US domestic diesel goes to $6+, oil demand is going down both because there's insufficient refining capacity and there's a general slow down in the economy from the added inflation baked-in by higher oil prices and higher diesel prices.
I thought about this as well. Maybe you have to slow down the entire economy to compensate for the missing supply.
Inflation is just a change in the ratio of money to stuff. You can reduce inflation by increasing the stuff or reducing the money, and cause it by doing the opposite. There's no requirement that the solution is applied to "the same factor", either works.
Sure, if you're wanting to assign blame or worried about externalities these things start to matter. But monetary policy is a perfectly fine tool for dealing with inflation, regardless of the cause.
Note: inflation causes prices to rise, but that doesn't mean that all changes in price are caused by inflation.
You’re describing only one flavor of inflation. What the Fed is supposed to care about is price stability, and lots of things influence prices, and not all of them are money supply and/or new money supply correspondent.
We saw this during COVID, the prices of things shot through the roof because of a combination of supply-chain shocks as well as the already well capitalized seizing the opportunity to spend their war chests locking down as much of the available supply as possible, which resulted in consolidation, which resulted in less available supply.
The random trade wars directly cause goods to cost more for absolutely no good reason whatsoever, it’s just a tax masquerading as a price increase, but the Fed deals in stabilizing prices, not taxes. So, it changing the money supply parameters does nothing.
The weakening of the international trade position of the USD writ large also causes prices to go up for no good reason, and nothing about that is going to be resolved by the Fed fiddling with the money supply parameters because it has to do with the stability and reliability of the U.S. as a trustworthy geopolitical operator, which the Fed can do next to nothing about.
The inflation being experienced as price instability/increases is being induced acutely by terrible fiscal & trade policy, but the Fed is acting to try to “fix it” using monetary policy, which won’t work at all. So, what’s the point? Just to look like it’s doing something?
Yeeep, inflation right now is not a monetary phenomenon. There's also general corporate greed and ever-increasing monopolization, helped out by Trump's lax regulatory hand
Interest rates rising aren't going to fix these sources of inflation.
It usually isn't. That doesn't change that raising rates should slow down credit creation a bit. That reduces demand in a supply-constrained economy. It also reduces risk appetites, which helps in a perilous world. (Finally, it gives rate-cutting headroom for when someone levered blows up.)
I mean, what would that actually look like? The Fed is insulated from democratic accountability, for very good reasons, but flipside of that is that their powers are intentionally limited. If they had the same immunity to public opinion but with the power to address supply shocks, that would quickly veer into tyranny.
It's a careful balancing act and there is no perfect solution. What's supposed to happen is that Congress acts on supply-shock driven inflation, but this current Congress would rather eat a bag of broken glass than actually govern, which the Fed can't really do anything about.
What it would look like, at the barest minimum, would be the Fed rightly and with receipts calling out the fact that they’re a monetary policy function, and that the current inflationary problems aren’t a monetary one, so if the U.S. would like something done about its inflation issues, then it needs to look someplace else besides the Fed to deal with it.
It doesn’t have to do anything to monetary policy when monetary policy isn’t the problem. It can do nothing.
It’s not the Fed’s job to try to fix terrible fiscal & trade policy, but that’s now what it’s basically trying to do. So, it’s become a political function by virtue of the political apparatus offloading the consequences of its idiocy onto the Fed to clean up after it with a set of tools that can’t even actually do the job.
Additionally, immense government spending is offsetting anything the Fed can do, whereas in now-ancient times they tended to cooperate better.
I too have very strong opinions about central bank policies.
Unanimous is a pleasant surprise
It is. But the data is talking rather loudly at the moment.